Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay Example for Free

Memorandum Mandatory Use of Turkish Language Essay This Memorandum aims to provide brief information on (i) provisions and restrictions imposed by the Law on Mandatory Use of Turkish Language by Economic Enterprises numbered 805 and dated 10 April 1926 (the â€Å"Law No. 805†) on Turkish and foreign enterprises; (ii) consequences of non-compliance with the Law No. 805; and (iii) application of the good faith principle in the light of the precedents of the Turkish Supreme Court of Appeals (the â€Å"Court of Appeals†). A. SCOPE OF THE LAW NO. 805 The Law No. 805 is applicable to all Turkish and foreign enterprises with respect to transactions listed in Articles 1 and 2 of the Law No. 805; however, application of the Law No. 805 differs depending on the nationality of the enterprise. 1. TurkÄ ±sh EnterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 1 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"Any type of companies and enterprises which have Turkish nationality shall use Turkish language in all kinds of transactions, agreements, correspondences, accounts and books within Turkey†. According to Article 1 of the Law No.805, each company and enterprise a the Turkish nationality is obliged to keep any kind of transaction, records and books and execute all agreements and make all communications with each other in Turkish language within the territory of Turkey. Accordingly, the only exclusion for the obligation of the use of Turkish language in transactions and communications of Turkish companies and enterprises is the case where such transactions and communications are executed/performed outside the territory of Turkey. In that respect, it is clear that an agreement to be executed between two or more Turkish companies should be prepared and signed in Turkish language, or if it is preferred to be executed in a foreign language, to be accompanied with a Turkish version which shall prevail in the event of discrepancy. There are several court decisions in this respect. In one of its judgments, the Court of Appeals has upheld that the parties, in the text of the agreement may refer to non-Turkish (international) terms and/ or clauses, only if (i) these terms cannot be replaced by a counterpart in Turkish; and (ii) the parties are obliged to include such terms in the agreement. However, it has also underlined by the Court of Appeals that this rule is valid only for terms and expressions either with no counterpart in Turkish or which cannot be written in Turkish. Similarly, in a later decision, the Court of Appeals has ruled that if the parties are both Turkish then all agreements must be executed in Turkish; although international terms and expressions may be incorporated into a Turkish agreement as a special condition. In this decision, the Court of Appeals has not accepted the usage of a maturity clause which was drafted in English language in an agreement executed in Turkish language since such maturity clause could easily be drafted in Turkish language as well. 2. ForeÄ ±gn enterprÄ ±ses In accordance with Article 2 of the Law No. 805, â€Å"This obligation applies to foreign companies and enterprises only in their communications, transactions and relations with the Turkish institutions and persons and for the documents, books and records which must be submitted to governmental offices and government officers.† Pursuant to Turkish legislation, a foreign enterprise is a duly incorporated legal entity that has its registered office outside of Turkey. For foreign enterprises, as stated above, the requirement of Turkish language usage is limited only to (i) transactions, correspondences and communications with persons and legal entities subject to Turkish laws; and (ii) documents, books and records which will be presented to Turkish authorities. In contrast with Article 1 of Law No. 805, Article 2 of the Law No. 805 has a narrower a scope of obligation to use Turkish language. The wording â€Å"agreement† is willingly not stated in Article 2 on purpose. In other words, the Law No. 805 does not specifically refer to agreements under the provision concerning foreign entities. This omission indicates that the Law No. 805 allows the execution of an agreement between a foreign entity and a Turkish entity in a foreign language. There are several court decisions with respect to Article 2 of the Law No. 805. In a decision by the 11th Circuit of the Court of Appeals, the Court of Appeals has upheld that all accounts and books have to be in Turkish language, when submitted to the relevant Turkish authorities. Otherwise, they do not have any validity before Turkish courts. The Court of Appeals has come to a similar conclusion summarizing that Turkish enterprises may enter into agreements with foreign enterprises in any language since Article 2 of the Law No. 805 specifically lists instances where foreign enterprises are prohibited from using a foreign language and this list does not include agreements. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals has concluded that agreements may be executed in any foreign language, where one of the parties is a foreign enterprise and the other is Turkish. According to this decision, an agreement executed in a foreign language between a foreign company and a Turkish company is valid and binding on the parties pursuant to and under Turkish laws. However, under Article 4 of the Law No.805, the parties are compelled to use Turkish language in all correspondences with respect to the agreement, although the agreement is allowed to be drafted in a foreign language. B. CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW NO. 805 Pursuant to Article 7 of the Law No. 805, any party violating the related provisions is imposed to a judicial fine of at least 100 days. The Turkish Penal Code numbered 5237 has regulated the judicial fine provisions and accordingly the judicial fine for one day shall be determined between TL 20 – TL 100 depending on (i) severity of violation; (ii) specific and economic conditions of persons; and (iii) discretion of judges. C. GOOD FAITH PRINCIPLE Pursuant to Article 2 of the Turkish Civil Code, raising a good faith claim is possible regarding the conflicts in an agreement. While deciding on the validity of the good faith claims, the determination shall be made on a case-to-case basis. In terms of disputes regarding non-compliance with the Law No. 805, there is not a definite provision for the application of the good faith principle and we have not come across any judgment of the Court of Appeals regarding the good faith claims has raised with respect to the application of the Law No. 805. However, with respect to the general provisions regarding the good faith claims, by analogy, the following solution may apply to conflicts on the mandatory use of Turkish language in agreements. In the event that the parties have carried out their performances to the fullest extent, considering that the agreement is valid, the agreement, itself, should be considered valid, as well. The Court of Appeals, in one of its judgments, has stated that if parties have carried out their obligations under a contract for a long time, it would be a violation of the good faith principles to claim that the related contract is invalid. Similarly, the Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Court of Appeals has ruled in a former decision that the right to raise a good faith claim is restricted when the party raising the claim is acting against the good faith principle. Although the aforementioned judgment does not directly refer to a dispute under the Law No. 805, the following conclusion could be drawn: when one or both of the parties is awaring (or shall be aware) of the mandatory use of Turkish language requirement and the aware party (or parties) disregards this rule on purpose, they should not be able to rely on a good faith claim regarding the language of the agreement.

Cloning :: essays research papers

Cloning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is a Clone? A clone is a group of genetically identical cells. For example, tumors are clones of cells inside an organism because they consist of many replicas of one mutated cell. Another type of clone occurs inside a cell. Such a clone is made up of groups of identical structures that contain genetic material, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Some of these structures, called plasmids, are found in some bacteria and yeasts. Techniques of genetic engineering enable scientists to combine an animal or plant gene with a bacterial or yeast plasmid. By cloning such a plasmid, geneticists can produce many identical copies of the gene. Uses of Cloning:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers said the cloning of animals, especially those that have been genetically modified in certain ways, could have a number of medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. For example, cloning could result in the mass production of genetically modified cattle that secrete valuable drugs into their milk. But the cloning of animals indicated that it might also be possible to clone humans. Much of the public expressed revulsion toward the prospect of human cloning, and some politicians vowed to outlaw it. Its proponents, however, saw human cloning as a way to help people, such as by allowing infertile couples to have children. Early Scientific Experiments of Cloning: Scientists have long been intrigued by the possibility of artificially cloning animals. In fact, people have known since ancient times that just just cutting them into two pieces can clone some invertebrates, such as earthworms and starfish. Each piece grows into a complete organism. The cloning of vertebrates (animals with back bones) is much more difficult to clone. The first step in the cloning the complex organisms (vertebrates) came in the 1950's with experiments done on frogs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, biologists at the Institute for Cancer Research (now the Fox Chase Cancer Center) in Philadelphia, developed a cloning method called nuclear transplantation, or nuclear transfer, which was first proposed in 1938 by the German scientist Hans Spemann. In this method, the nucleus--the cellular structure that contains most of the genetic material and that controls growth and development--is removed from an egg cell of an organism, a procedure known as enucleation. The nucleus from a body cell of another organism of the same species is then placed into the enucleated egg cell. Nurtured by the nutrients in the remaining part of the egg cell, an embryo (an organism prior to birth) begins growing. Cloning :: essays research papers Cloning  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is a Clone? A clone is a group of genetically identical cells. For example, tumors are clones of cells inside an organism because they consist of many replicas of one mutated cell. Another type of clone occurs inside a cell. Such a clone is made up of groups of identical structures that contain genetic material, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Some of these structures, called plasmids, are found in some bacteria and yeasts. Techniques of genetic engineering enable scientists to combine an animal or plant gene with a bacterial or yeast plasmid. By cloning such a plasmid, geneticists can produce many identical copies of the gene. Uses of Cloning:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Researchers said the cloning of animals, especially those that have been genetically modified in certain ways, could have a number of medical, agricultural, and industrial applications. For example, cloning could result in the mass production of genetically modified cattle that secrete valuable drugs into their milk. But the cloning of animals indicated that it might also be possible to clone humans. Much of the public expressed revulsion toward the prospect of human cloning, and some politicians vowed to outlaw it. Its proponents, however, saw human cloning as a way to help people, such as by allowing infertile couples to have children. Early Scientific Experiments of Cloning: Scientists have long been intrigued by the possibility of artificially cloning animals. In fact, people have known since ancient times that just just cutting them into two pieces can clone some invertebrates, such as earthworms and starfish. Each piece grows into a complete organism. The cloning of vertebrates (animals with back bones) is much more difficult to clone. The first step in the cloning the complex organisms (vertebrates) came in the 1950's with experiments done on frogs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas King, biologists at the Institute for Cancer Research (now the Fox Chase Cancer Center) in Philadelphia, developed a cloning method called nuclear transplantation, or nuclear transfer, which was first proposed in 1938 by the German scientist Hans Spemann. In this method, the nucleus--the cellular structure that contains most of the genetic material and that controls growth and development--is removed from an egg cell of an organism, a procedure known as enucleation. The nucleus from a body cell of another organism of the same species is then placed into the enucleated egg cell. Nurtured by the nutrients in the remaining part of the egg cell, an embryo (an organism prior to birth) begins growing.

High School Analogy Essay

A newly bought camera, one that gives the buyer satisfaction, yet a strange tingling feeling of unfamiliarity with a pinch of nervousness and fear. Now there’s a high school freshman feeling the very same thing looking at a new environment; strangely a camera and high school have a comparable relationship, with very obvious difference and . One such similarity, is that when a student takes their first few strides into the usual two storey building, it resembles him taking his very first picture. Both individuals new and inexperienced, every move is made with caution afraid of what the outcome could be. Perhaps, an embarrassing moment? A broken camera?. Both face criticism inside lowering their inner confidence, he looks at his photographs often ranking them poorly, while she looks at some of her peers judgmentally and the same comes back to her. Another comparison, looks at the ever-changeable lens on the camera representing her ever-changing views on the present and future. An extending lens that looks ahead at the long road that is yet to be journeyed through and short, stubble ones they may remind her of the moment she is in. As she gets comfortable and more confident, the student is met by a whirlwind of opportunities. Each chance that walks past, she begins to see a new path, some that are very clear and some that are not in focus since it seems so far away. As days pass, she begins to see those opportunities in a new light, stopping more often to think and bring it into focus. The buyer also now picks up his camera casually like it belongs in hands just a ring belong on a finger. As an image comes into focus on the screen and her visual mind, the moment is captured in that very time, and stored in their memory. One being natural and the other digital. Finally, when the time comes to buy a new camera or move forward, both him and her view life more positively, raising their head in pride. As the chapter of high school, and his very first camera approaches its close, they take their experiences with them and move on to a firmer ground where the environment is a very familiar one. Their previous chapters soon become forgotten as life leads them elsewhere, but the memories remain, once in awhile reminding them of that one time and they don’t fade unless you willingly reach for the

Little Things By Raymond Carver - 980 Words

While reading â€Å"Little Things† by Raymond Carver I began to realized that he was using several different literary devices to compose a story of many interpretations, such as: imagery, foreshadowing, symbolism, communication, conflict, expression, and suspense. â€Å"Little Things† is a tale of two stubborn parents that are separating without any self-tolerance or consideration of how their actions can affect their child. The statement made by Carver is that actions or words can lead to catastrophic endings. At the end of the story, he wrote â€Å"in this matter, the issue was decided† to imply that when a relationship involves a child, the intimate relationship between parents should be more empathic. A similar story that touches the same statement†¦show more content†¦In the beginning of â€Å"Little Things†, Carver created the scenery of outside to establish the dark side of the relationship. â€Å"Cars slushed by on the street outside, whe re it was getting dark but it was getting dark on the inside too†; Thus, foreshadowing the relationship on its last leg. As the man packed his belongings, the woman responded â€Å"I’m glad you’re leaving. I’m glad you’re leaving!†, Carver now expresses the relationship as being gloomy with no sign of contentment. Man, is portrayed as unhappy and leaving whereas the woman struggles to react without being attentive toward the man’s emotions. Foreshadowing is used to create the start point of this catastrophic ending with the man having empathy for the child and not the woman. Emotions emphasized the foreshadowing once the woman removed the picture of the child out the bedroom, Man now makes effort in having a conversation with the woman by the request that she â€Å"bring that back†. Emotions effected more than one point of view in â€Å"Little Things† due to the relationship involving two people and a child. Mutual affect had been brought to light with â€Å"Love and Basketball†, though Quincy was not a baby when the dispute between his parents and adultery started, his father took the time to address the personal situation with Quincy while he attended college by lying. Yet proof from both stories display the reality of emotions between parents and children in modern situationShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Little Things By Raymond Carver1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe short story â€Å"Little Things† by Raymond Carver deals with the humanity’s spiteful nature and its desire to flaunt what others can not have. On the surface, the story is about a man, a woman, and baby, none of which have a confirmed relation to each other, and a dispute over who should keep the baby after the man leaves. As the story reaches its end, there is no clear winner and the reader has a sense of unease based on the last line, â€Å"In this manner, the issue was decided† (Carver). Carver’s use Read MoreThe Lives and Works of Raymond Carver1692 Words   |  7 PagesWith a unique and brilliant style of writing, Raymond Carver has left a lasting and outstanding impact on the history of short stories. Even though Raymond Carver left a long impact, his life was of the opposite. Like Raymond Carver’s famous award winning stories, his life was short. Raymond Carver was born on May 25th, 1938 in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River. Carver grew up in Yakima, Washington. Carver had three members to his small family, his mother, his father, and brotherRead More The Power of Carvers Little Things Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Carvers Little Things      Ã‚   To a reader unfamiliar with his work, Raymond Carvers short story, Little Things may seem devoid of all literary devices owning to good writing. Fortunately, these people are mistaken. With his minimalistic style, it is what Carver doesnt write that makes his work so effective. Most of Carvers short stories describe situations that many people could find themselves in and that is why his work is so appealing to readers. They are not restrictedRead MoreAP and Cathedral Comparison Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesMallory Russell 06/12/15 Comparison Essay ENG 102 Online â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver versus â€Å"A + P† by John Updike In the short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver and â€Å"A + P† by John Updike the protagonists experience an epiphany that change their restricted way of thinking. The main character, â€Å"Sammy† in John Updike’s, â€Å"A + P† is a teenage boy working in the town grocery store. Sammy experiences an epiphany when he decides to quit his job at the grocery store. He quit because he believedRead MoreRaymond Carver and his Works1402 Words   |  6 Pagesstory actually comes from. No matter what we do in life we all as human beings find a way to show what we have been through in our lives. Raymond Carver was no different just he had a really tough road that he traveled and it showed in his stories. According to an interview with William, Stull in â€Å"Matters of Life Death: An Interview with Raymond Carver† Carver also understood that his life showed through in his work, â€Å"Wolff said in a review of my first book of stories that h e felt he could pickRead MoreAn Analysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1441 Words   |  6 Pages Cathedral Research Paper The short story â€Å"Cathedral†, by Raymond Carver, is a thought provoking piece that focuses on the transition a man goes through to see the world with his soul. The story gives hope that people can change if given the chance to be better people. Over the course of the story, Carver uses both diction and description to explore themes in religion and morality. â€Å"Cathedral† depicts a husband and a wife as they prepare and entertain a friend of the wife. The husband, the narratorRead More Carvers Realism From Fires Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pages How does Carver create precision of reality with his characters, focusing on Fires? When looking at the works of Raymond Carver, one can feel a sense of autobiography, that the characters in his stories are struggling against the same circumstances that Carver himself once struggled through. How true this is, is marginal to say the least, for Carver tells us in Fires that anything from a phone call to living in a seedy apartment in Jerusalem for four months is cause to influence his writing. Read MorePopular Mechanics by Raymond Carver828 Words   |  4 PagesPopular Mechanics the author, Raymond Carver, uses painstaking details, numerous symbols, and an unusual title to convey the universal theme that not all relationships end happily. Carver uses all these things to his advantage. He brings out the theme of this depressing, but truthful story. Many couples these days experience the same thing that this one in particular went through. Early that day the weather turned and the snow was melting into dirty water. Carver starts off the story in this wayRead MoreRaymo nd Carver with Cathedral and John Updike with AP979 Words   |  4 PagesRaymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and John Updike with â€Å"AP† â€Å"Cathedral† and AP both short stories written during the same century. But even though they both introduce stereotypical characters that somehow change their view of the world, they have many more different aspects. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantity of people involve in each story. The story â€Å"Cathedral† only took place in a family house with only the husband, wife who can be qualified as a static character tried to killRead MoreLiteral vs. Figurative Blindness Essay example1176 Words   |  5 Pagesignorance plays a part or pride. In Cathedral by Raymond Carver, it describes a few myths that society has portrayed and opinions of the visual impaired. The main focus is getting to know the person before drawing a conclusion. Its not fair to anyone to be neglected whether you are visual impaired or have the functionality of what is considered to be a normal human being. Exposing people to literal and figurative blindness is a true eye-opener. In Raymond Carver’s story, Cathedral, depicts a charismatic

The Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean - 1204 Words

Monsters- Destroying What Sustains Us Some think of the ocean as a place of peace, or a getaway from our busy lives. Others think of it as where two worlds, aquatic and terrestrial, collide. No matter what you think of the ocean, it has sustained us for as long as we could possibly remember, and provided us with life. The ocean has provided everything we need to survive, and to repay it, we decided to destroy it. We have become monsters, demolishing what matters to us most. Over the past few decades, the amount of ocean pollution has rapidly increased, and has negatively affected the various species of sea creatures and plants. There are many different types of ocean pollution, including marine debris, ocean acidification, oil spills, and†¦show more content†¦If we continue to carelessly spill oil into the ocean, not only will it obliterate coral, it will also leave large quantities of ocean life without shelter or food. If we continue to ignore all of the oil we are putting into the ocean, the aquatic life both on the shore and underwater will continue to deteriorate. Many of us think that there is a simple solution to ocean pollution, that solution being recycling. We don’t think that recycling is difficult, or would take much effort, so we often overlook it. Unfortunately, it takes more work than we think, and out of the 33.6 million tons of plastic we discard each year, less than 8% is actually recycled (â€Å"What Happens To All That Plastic?† Cho, Renee, http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu). That means that we throw about 30 million tons of plastic into the ocean and landfills every single year, and that number is bound to increase, as it is such a huge part of our daily lives. In our world, we are practically surrounded by plastic, when you think about it. Every day, many of us use grocery bags, bottles, straws, containers, toys, and that list has continued to grow. When we use plastic products, we aren’t thinking about the long term problem of what happens to it, or where it ends up; and that just goes to show how much plastic has really taken over our lives. A large quantity of the plastic that we use we only use once and then throw away, leading to a surplus of trash in the oceans. All of that trash causes huge problems forShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Ocean1986 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Oceans cover approximately 75% of Earth s surface and are vital to this planet and the people who inhabit it. Oceans provide food, natural resources, and recreation for nearly everyone in this world. Unfortunately Oceans have been receiving mass amount of pollutants including oil spills, toxic waste dumping, and industrial dumping. These pollutants will have negative impacts on the wildlife in the ocean, as we are seeing already with the Coral Reefs, and soon enough it will beginRead MoreOcean Pollution And Its Effects On The Ocean1348 Words   |  6 PagesOcean Pollution. Can you predict the outcome of food or medicine resources if ocean pollution is not prevented or minimized? Throughout this research paper the different categories of pollution will be explained more in depth. Also there will be ideas or things we can all do to minimize ocean pollution and stop causing so much stress to the ocean’s ecosystem. It will also specify the importance of minimizing pollution in the ocean and how much damage it can cause. The ocean s ecosystem is underRead MoreEffects of Ocean Pollution568 Words   |  2 PagesOur oceans take a large beating every day by the extremely large amount of pollution humans produce. We easily dump our waste into the oceans to dispose of our problem, but this small and simple solution is creating an even bigger problem. The way humans dispose of their wastes is causing the death of our beloved marine life. Not only are we killing off our animals, our food source, and our resources, we are also minimizing our usable water. Pollution comes in many forms. In the ocean we dumpRead MoreThe Effects of Ocean Pollution on the Environment1650 Words   |  7 Pages Our oceans take a large beating every day by the extremely large amount of pollution humans produce. Our society easily dumps their waste into the oceans to dispose of the excessive amount of garbage, sewage, and chemicals, but this small and simple solution is creating an even bigger problem. The way humans dispose of their wastes is causing the death of our beloved marine life. Not only are we killing off our animals, our food source, and our resources, we are also minimizing our usable waterRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Pollution On Our Oceans1593 Words   |  7 PagesFor decades, oceans have been one of the biggest dumpsters used throughout the world. Plastics among other pollutants have affected our oceans and freshwater as well as marine life. Plastic pollution effects not only the ocean and its’ marine life, but humans as well a nd not just in the United States, but everywhere. Landfills are running into water systems every day, carrying more plastics and trash into all of the oceans. For instance, in the Mediterranean Sea, sewage is untreated and that totalsRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Marine Ecosystem1517 Words   |  7 Pages Ocean pollution comes in many forms with each having some sort of effect on the marine ecosystem. Ocean pollution is destroying earth s waters, because its killing populations of organisms in the water all over the ocean, Its destroying coral reefs and water is being contaminated with oil,garbage and chemicals.Which in turn is destroying organisms all over the ocean. For the purpose of this paper, it will be logical to categorize these pollutants into three main areas; garbage, chemical, and noiseRead MoreThe Effects Of Marine Pollution On The Ocean1954 Words   |  8 Pagespercent of it remains unexplored by humans; the ocean, the lifeblood of planet earth. From its coral reefs to the solitary creatures that lurk in its depths, the ocean is home to numerous amazing creatures, from enormous whales and sharks to tiny fish, each specie serving as an indicator for the oceans health and maintaining the food chain. Unfortunately, all of this is at risk as a result of the neglect and ca relessness mankind has shown towards the ocean. Individuals, governments and corporationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Marine Ecosystem And Animals1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe earth’s greatest mass is the ocean, which is seventy percent and holds 1.3 billion cubic km of water. Being the biggest mass on this earth, eighty percent of the world gather their food from the ocean. Along with the eighty percent, one-fourth to one-third of the food we catch from the ocean is also to feed other animals as well. However, with our growing industrial economy pollution has found their way to the ocean. Ocean pollution is a complex series of problems that are linked to many causesRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Pollution On The World s Oceans Essay2272 Words   |  10 Pagesand devastating side effect. Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans is serious and disgustingly under-looked problem. Due to the influx of hundreds of thousands of tons of plastic, the marin e landscape is changing rapidly. This issue isn’t just exclusive to oceans either. The world’s rivers and seas are also feeling the brunt of non-biodegradable waste. The scientific community is scrambling to find a solution to this ubiquitous issue. Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans has already lead someRead MoreThe Effects Of Ocean Pollution On The Sea Turtles And The Food They Eat1817 Words   |  8 Pagesto a baby sea turtle? Pollution can have serious impacts on both sea turtles and the food they eat. For example, new research suggests that a disease that has been killing sea turtles can be linked to pollution in the ocean and in fresh water sources close to the ocean. When pollution contaminates and kills aquatic plant and animal life, it also destroys feeding habitats for sea turtles. Oil spills and urban runoff of chemicals and fertilizers all contribute to water pollution. About thirty six percent

I Interviewed My Closest Friend, Who I Will Call Annie Essay

For my Investigative Assignment on the concept of identity, I interviewed my closest friend, who I will call â€Å"Annie.† She is a Chinese-American, born to immigrant parents. Her parents immigrated to US from China and had her after. She is fluent in English and both Cantonese and Mandarin, but she feels more comfortable talking in Cantonese because she grew up speaking Cantonese with her parents and her relatives. When I asked her why she learned Mandarin, she told me that her parents wanted her to learn it since it is the most spoken dialect in China. Even though she knows Mandarin very well, she rarely speaks in that dialect since she does not have to use it when communicating with her family. The three words she chose to describe her identity are: Chinese, American, and student. She calls herself Chinese because she is proud of her ethnicity and cultural heritage and not ashamed of being an Asian minority. One Chinese cultural value she appreciates the most is devoting t o family. She and her family all believe that family should be top priority and should always care for one another. She also calls herself as Chinese because she can speak her native language. She believes that language is an important tool constituting one’s identity because by knowing her native language, she can easily identify herself as Chinese. But she also describes herself as an American because she values American culture as well as she is generally very open-minded about things that her parents areShow MoreRelatedNoughts and Crosses14387 Words   |  58 Pagesare still friends, though social divisions threaten their relationship. Callum – a nought – is about to start at Heathcroft High – the Cross school that Sephy attends. Callum’s family have mixed feelings about his new school. His brother Jude, full of hatred for Crosses, does not want him there. His Mum is doubtful, but his Dad is keen. His sister Lynette – a disturbed young woman – lives in a world of her own. Chapter 3 Sephy overhears her dad talking with a blond-haired nought man who has a ponyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesleading to truth-valued conclusions but with making choices, assessing reasons, seeking advice, etc. Dowden gets the balance and the emphasis right. Norman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany

Comparison Between Chinese and American Food Culture Free Essays

Lee Hiu Man Instructor Wynn ESLG 1001 29 November 2012 Comparison of Chinese and Western Food Culture Food is closely related to people’s lives and it is considered the most important element in Chinese culture. Chinese food is famous all over the world too. American Chinese cuisine differs significantly from the traditional Chinese cuisine and even though the variation in taste can be so it is still attractive to many people. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between Chinese and American Food Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it comes to food, Chinese people always care about the color, taste, smell and shape of Chinese dishes. In 1784, a group of passengers on the ship Empress of China became the first Americans to land in China and they were also the first group of people to eat Chinese food; it was the first time the American palate encountered eastern cuisine(Coe 45). There are many differences in food culture between China and the United States. Strong differences exist regarding cooking methods, ingredients, desserts and cutlery. There are many cooking methods in Chinese food and it may be confusing by terms such as saute, marinade, stir-fry and deep-fry especially for someone new to Chinese food (Travel China Guide). Boiling is the most common form of Chinese cooking; Chinese boiling means cooking food in boiling water. It wastes fuel. It does not cook the food any faster and it tends to make the food break up and so spoils the appearance. Frying is divided into deep-frying, slippery-frying, quick-frying, and several types of stir-frying; this method mainly deals with vegetables. One cooking method that American dishes seldom use is steaming. It is a kind of slow process and time consuming. Chinese cooking uses two methods of steaming, which are basic steaming(zheng) and placing one tightly-closed pot inside a larger pot(steaming dun) (Lee 3). The product is usually very soft because the pot is half-immersed in boiling water for two to three hours. One of the famous traditional Chinese foods is Chinese rice dumplings and it is made of glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo leaves. On the other hand, the cooking methods in American cuisine were affected by the European countries (Cuban Cuisine, 1). Grilling meats and spit roasting over a pit fire are both common even today. Americans use barbecue smokers to cook chicken, pork and corn. Frying is the most common in Western countries because almost every famous dish is related to frying. Examples include fried chicken, French fries, burgers and fries, etc. Local families in America like to do baking, which is generally applied to breads, lasagna, manicotti, pastries and other sweet confections. There is a big difference between Chinese and American cooking methods. One is mainly concentrated on the color, smell and shape. The other is always speedy, convenient and cheap. Secondly, the ingredients in Chinese and American food are different. Chinese cuisine involves rice, flour, beans, and vegetables. American cuisine is relatively simple and mainly includes meat, bread and vegetables. For the Chinese one, most dishes include rice, because it is the main crop of many Asian countries and is used in almost every capacity. Not only steamed rice, but rice paper and noodles can be included in a meal. Second, tofu is often used in vegetarian meals, because it is high in protein. It is used heavily in regions with a tradition of Buddhism. Third, sauces are important to flavor rice and stir-fry. Soy sauce, oyster sauce, black bean sauce, and fish sauces are easy to keep on hand (Yang 3). Rice is a major staple food for people from rice farming areas in southern China and Chinese people always use rice to produce by-products like vinegars and wines (Mashpedia, 3). Noodles are important to Chinese people too and they usually come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings. Some varieties such as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shou Mian† are literally noodles of longevity, are symbolic of long life and good health according to Chinese tradition. Noodles can be served hot or cold with different toppings and broth. On the other hand, a part of the American food is based on traditional German dishes such as hot dogs and hamburgers (Wynn 3). Pre-packaged American meals tend to be high in carbohydrates, fat, sodium, and various preservatives. However, they also tend to be vitamin fortified. Examples of pre-packed American meals include various  casserole  type dishes such as  Hamburger Helper, as well as bakeable and microwaveable foods such as  Hot Pockets, frozen pizzas, frozen burritos, and various types of  TV dinner  meals (Cuisine of the United States Research Materials, 3). About the desserts in these two countries, Chinese desserts are sweet foods and dishes that are served with  tea, along with meals or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. Chinese candies and sweets, called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"tang†Ã‚  are usually made with cane sugar, malt sugar, honey, nuts and fruit. Gao or Guo  are rice based snacks that are typically steamed  and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Ice cream  is commonly available throughout China. Another cold dessert is called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"baobing†, which is  shaved ice  with sweet syrup. Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as  ices. Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavored with fruits, though  gelatin  based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts (Zickler 5). Chinese dessert soups typically consist of sweet and usually hot soups  and custards. For the American desserts, there are a wide variety of choices like cakes, cookies, biscuits, gelatins and pastries and most of them are considered as sweet and greasy. Famous ones like apple pies, cupcakes, caramels and chocolate brownies are customary desserts for Americans compared with Chinese as they viewed it as a part of the meal. Lastly, the cutleries that are used in Chinese and American food are different also. Chinese people use chopsticks to eat food. Americans use knives and forks to do dining. Chopsticks convey the concept of harmony in Chinese culture (The Cross-Cultural Rhetoric Blog). In ancient  written Chinese, the character for chopsticks was ?. Although ? may have been widely used in ancient spoken Chinese, its use was eventually replaced by the pronunciation for the character ? ; meaning â€Å"quick†. The original character, though still commonly used in writing, is rarely used in modern spoken Chinese languages, which maintains the old usage. Knives and forks are kind of promoting the independence, freedom and violence. Due to its role as humankind’s first tool, certain cultures have attached spiritual and religious significance to the knife. It has impact of the concept of people’s lives; knife and fork will necessarily bring about eating apart and chopsticks share dinner with the family members gather around a table. The major items of cutlery in the  Western world  are the  knife,  fork  and  spoon. In recent times, utensils have been made combining the functionality of pairs of cutlery, including the  spork  (spoon / fork),  spife  (spoon / knife), and  knork  (knife / fork) or the  sporf  which is all three (Attards, 2). Actually, chopsticks are commonly used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean dishes but it is generally believed to have originated in ancient China. To conclude, there are a number of differences between Chinese and American food culture and they are a part of human civilization. It is great for everyone to know the food that people would like to eat, cooking method and also ingredients between two countries. Even if there are some differences between Chinese food and Western-style food, they can still get along harmoniously. For example Chinese food of U. S. A. s suitable for Americans’ taste, because through Americans’ improvement; similarly, the Western-style food of China is more suitable for Chinese’ taste, because through the Chinese’ improvement. There is a folk adage in China â€Å"If want to conquer your heart, I will conquer your stomach first†. It can clearly show the importance of food in Chinese culture. Works Cited Helen Wang. Cooking Metho ds in Chinese Cuisine. †Ã‚  Chinese Cooking Tips. Chinese Food DIY Fall 2009. Web. Nov. 17 2012 Giblin, James Cross. From hand to mouth: How we invented knives, forks, spoons and chopsticks, the manners to go with them. New York: Crowell, 1987. Print Knoblauch, Mark. Chop Suey: A Cultural History Of Chinese Food In The United States. Booklist 106. 1 22, 2009. Print Lv, Nan, and J Lynne Brown. Chinese American Family Food Systems: Impact Of Western Influences. Journal Of Nutrition Education And Behavior 42. 2 106-114, 2010. Print Richard Pillsbury. No Foreign Food: The American Diet in Time and Place, Westview Press, 1998. Print Peter Zickler. Askives. â€Å"What is common Chinese desserts† Web, Nov. 16, 2012 How to cite Comparison Between Chinese and American Food Culture, Essay examples